Who benefits from green jobs? Employment, pay, and inequalities in the green economy

A recent Data Insight by ADR UK Research Fellow Damian Whittard reveals who holds green jobs in England and Wales, and whether these roles offer a pay advantage.

This study links green job data from the US with de-identified UK data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings linked to 2011 Census. It found that green job holders are predominantly white, male, and employed by small or foreign-owned firms. Additionally, a notable pay premium exists for green jobs, though gender and ethnicity pay gaps persist.

Key findings show that green occupations accounted for roughly one-third of jobs among white workers but less than one-fourth for Black and Black British workers. Women and ethnic minority groups are less likely to be employed in green roles, especially in positions demanding new skills.

Gender and ethnicity disparities were evident in pay as well, with women, Asian/Asian British and Black/Black British workers earning over 10% less than their male and white counterparts in green jobs. Domestic responsibilities for women were linked to lower pay, emphasising ongoing barriers to equity.

The pay premium for green jobs—approximately 4% above other occupations—positions these roles as economically advantageous. This benefit could shift perceptions of green careers from "niche" to mainstream, enhancing the appeal of green roles to a broader workforce. However, the study underscores the need for policy interventions to address dual inequalities of opportunity and pay in green occupations. The insights provided could guide policy aimed at a fair and inclusive transition to a sustainable economy.

Read the full Data Insight.